Jha P 等 (2013). 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. NEJM. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128>;Chen Z 等 (2015). Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2>;Oberg M 等 (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8>(二手烟那两个数字);Scolaro JA 等 (2014). Cigarette smoking increases complications following fracture: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. <https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00081>;Nåsell H 等 (2010). Effect of smoking cessation intervention on results of acute fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. <https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00627>;Thomsen T 等 (2014). Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4>(骨折和手术那几个数字)
Öberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A (2011). Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet:「603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality. 47% of deaths from second-hand smoke occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men」,「61% of DALYs were in children」. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8>;(2026). The Associations Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Various Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research:57 项研究,「hypertension (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.40), heart disease (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.28 to 1.50), myocardial infarction (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.84), stroke (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.54)」「Home exposure has a higher risk of CVD than non-home exposure」. <https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf111>
Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. (2023). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD006103. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub8>;Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000146. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5>;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2>;上海市卫生健康委员会 (2021). 选对药物,让戒烟轻松一点:「市场上可见的戒烟药物主要有三种,即尼古丁替代疗法药物、安非他酮、伐尼克兰」,「尼古丁替代疗法药物属于非处方药(OTC),可通过药店柜台购买;而安非他酮、伐尼克兰属于处方药,须到医院戒烟门诊或呼吸内科就诊,凭医师处方经药师调配后才能得到」. <https://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/jtyx/20211119/df50681e01ba49f896d54f771d8176ae.html>
争议。Cochrane 原先有一篇专门比这两种办法的综述,结论是两者差不多(RR 0.94,95% CI 0.79–1.13,10 项试验、3760 人),但那篇已于 2019 年撤回、不再更新。所以眼下最好的证据是上面这项随机试验,方向支持一次停。另外那项试验里两组都在戒烟日之前就开始用尼古丁替代品,这个做法本身也有证据:提前用比戒烟日当天才开始,成功率高约 25%(RR 1.25,95% CI 1.08–1.44,9 项试验、4395 人,中等确定性证据)。所以合理的排法是先定日子,提前两周贴上,到日子一次停。
来源
Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P (2016). Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 164(9), 585–592. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2805>;Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. (2023). Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD013308(提前用尼古丁替代品那一段). <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308.pub2>
Malik VS 等 (2019). Long-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults. Circulation. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401>;Mullee A, Romaguera D, Pearson-Stuttard J, et al. (2019). Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(11), 1479-1490. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478>
Yamada T, Hara K, Kadowaki T (2013). Chewing betel quid and the risk of metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(8), e70679. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070679>
争议。PURE 这项研究只长期跟踪记录,不分组。它报告:一天排钠不到 3 g 的人,死亡加心血管事件的风险高约 27%。一天排钠 7 g 以上的人,高约 15%。按它的结果,吃太少和吃太多都不好,中间最好。但本条引的那项中国农村随机试验里,低钠盐只是替换掉一部分,不会把钠压得那么低。另外要注意,试验对象是高危老人。健康年轻人换盐得到的好处要小得多。肾功能不全的人,或者正在吃保钾类药物的人,换盐前先问医生。
Wang K, Matsuyama Y, Kiuchi S, et al. (2026). Routine oral health practices and all-cause mortality. Journal of Dentistry. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2026.106789>;Ko MJ, Seo S, So JS, et al. (2026). Deteriorated oral health and function as risk factors for physical disability and mortality in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Geriatric Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01319-4>
Paluch AE 等 (2022). Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. Lancet Public Health. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9>;Banach M 等 (2023). The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. <https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229>;Arem H 等 (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533>;Ekelund U 等 (2019). Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570>
Ettehad D 等 (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8>;Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5>;Chowdhury R 等 (2013). Adherence to cardiovascular therapy: a meta-analysis of prevalence and clinical consequences. European Heart Journal. <https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht295>
要改的是睡得太少和作息乱这两样,不必刻意去压缩睡眠时间。睡得长的人风险高,多半是因果反过来了:抑郁、慢性病、睡眠呼吸暂停会让人睡得多。另外,作息规律这一点目前有两项跟踪研究支持,都是只记录、不分组的,单独看属于 B 级证据。熬夜之后怎么补见本节第 38 条(熬夜之后第二天晚上就补觉)。
来源
Cappuccio FP 等 (2010). Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585>;Yin J 等 (2017). Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. JAHA. <https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947>;Windred DP 等 (2024). Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study. Sleep. <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253>;Kumar N, Krishnamurthy S (2026). Social jet lag is associated with incident cardiovascular disease independent of sleep duration and cardiac genetic risk. Journal of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.70133>
Oja P, Kelly P, Pedisic Z, et al. (2017). Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80 306 British adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(10), 812-817. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096822>
Stamatakis E, Ahmadi MN, Gill JMR, et al. (2022). Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nature Medicine, 28, 2521-2529. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02100-x>
Momma H 等 (2022). Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061>
Diaz KM 等 (2017). Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212>;Ekelund U 等 (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1>
Larsson SC, Orsini N (2014). Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology. <https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt261>;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148>;Johnston BC 等 (2019). Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the NutriRECS Consortium. Annals of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621>(争议方 NutriRECS 指南)
19.少喝或不喝酒
不花钱时间少要点毅力收益大证据 A换回寿命
成本
不花钱,还省钱,也不占时间。难在社交场合推酒时的一点尴尬。
说人话
每周喝过 100 g 纯酒精以后,喝得越多死得越早。100 g 纯酒精大约是 2.5 L 啤酒。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,少活半年左右;喝 200–350 g 的少一两年;超过 350 g 的少四五年。按整体健康算,最划算的量是不喝。
收益
把 83 项往后跟踪的研究合起来算,只记录、不分组,60 万名在喝酒的人。死亡风险的最低点,在每周不超过 100 g 纯酒精。这个量大约是 5% 的啤酒 2.5 L,或者 40 度白酒 300 mL。40 岁时每周喝 100–200 g 的人,预期寿命少约 6 个月。每周喝 200–350 g 的少 1–2 年。超过 350 g 的少 4–5 年。以上三项原文以寿命年报告。全球疾病负担研究 GBD 2016 把各类健康损失合起来算,风险最低的饮酒量是 0 杯/周。还有一项汇总把研究设计上的偏差校正过了。每天喝 1.3–24 g 的人和一辈子不喝的人比,死亡风险低约 7%(RR 0.93)。但这一项没看出统计上的差别。每天喝 45–64 g 的高约 19%(RR 1.19)。每天 65 g 以上的高约 35%(RR 1.35)。
Wood AM 等 (2018). Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X>;GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2>;Zhao J 等 (2023). Association Between Daily Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185>;Di Castelnuovo A 等 (2006). Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Archives of Internal Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437>(争议方)
自己怎么判断:几乎天天喝、一天不喝就手抖出汗心慌睡不着、早上要喝一点才舒服,占一条就别自己硬停。医院的常规做法是用苯二氮䓬类药物把这几天顶过去,同时补硫胺素(维生素 B1)。定 B 级是因为挪威那份队列说的是「得过震颤谵妄的人后来怎么样」,不是「自己硬戒会怎么样」,两者之间是推断。酒还是要戒,只是换成去医院戒。每周喝多少算多见本节第 19 条(少喝或不喝酒),想少喝怎么办见本节第 21 条(先数杯数再找医生)。
来源
Caputo F, Lungaro L, Costanzini A, De Giorgio R, Addolorato G (2026). Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in hospitalized patients: a practical review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 107103. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107103>;Bramness JG, Heiberg IH, Høye A, Rossow I (2023). Mortality and alcohol-related morbidity in patients with delirium tremens, alcohol withdrawal state or alcohol dependence in Norway: A register-based prospective cohort study. Addiction, 118(12), 2352–2359. <https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16297>
Kaner EF, Beyer FR, Muirhead C, et al. (2018). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD004148. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4>;Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, et al. (2014). Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 311(18), 1889–1900. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3628>
Bao Y, Han J, Hu FB, et al. (2013). Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(21), 2001-2011. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307352>
Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P, et al. (2020). Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(4), 503-512. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969>
24.把一部分精米白面换成全谷物
花钱少时间少要点毅力收益大证据 A换回寿命
成本
糙米、燕麦、全麦面比精米白面贵一点,不占时间。难在口感要慢慢适应。
说人话
每天多吃 90 g 全谷物的人,同期死亡的概率低约 17%。90 g 大约是三份。吃到每天 200 g 左右,还在继续往下降。
Aune D 等 (2016). Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2716>;Schwingshackl L 等 (2017). Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148>
争议在于:这类研究只是跟踪记录,中国男性喝茶的人里抽烟喝酒的比例高。作者已经扣掉一部分这类影响,但扣不干净。还有一点,别喝滚烫的,热饮温度见本节关于热饮温度的一条。有人担心茶叶里有霉菌毒素。国内查过 158 份黑茶,有 2 份检出黄曲霉毒素,按喝茶的量算,吃进去的量低于国际上的可接受值。另一项查了 352 份茶、16 种霉菌毒素,只有黑茶里的赭曲霉毒素 A 平均含量超过限量。按国人喝茶的量算,两项都没算出膳食风险。茶叶放在干燥的地方,受潮发霉的别喝。绿茶提取物胶囊不一样:高浓度的儿茶素一次大量吞下去会伤肝,冲泡的茶没有这个问题。所以这里说的只是泡的茶,别拿提取物保健品代替
来源
Wang X, Liu F, Li J, et al. (2020). Tea consumption and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: The China-PAR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(18), 1956-1963. <https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319894685>;茶叶霉菌毒素:Cui P 等 (2020). Quantitative analysis and dietary risk assessment of aflatoxins in Chinese post-fermented dark tea. Food and Chemical Toxicology. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111830>;Zhou H 等 (2022). Mycotoxins in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the Chinese Population. Toxins. <https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070452>;绿茶提取物与肝损伤:Hu J 等 (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019>
26.每天喝三到四杯咖啡,不加糖不加奶盖
花钱少时间少不用毅力收益大证据 A换回寿命
成本
自己冲每天一两元。冲一杯几分钟,不占什么时间。
说人话
每天喝三到四杯咖啡的人,同期死亡的概率比不喝的人低约 17%。
收益
一篇综述把 201 项汇总研究的结果又合到一起算,这些汇总底下的原始研究都只记录、不分组。结果:每天喝 3–4 杯咖啡的人和不喝的人比,死亡风险低 17%(相对风险 0.83,95% CI 0.79–0.88,这是可信范围)
Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, et al. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, 359, j5024. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5024>
27.每天吃够 5 份(约 400 g)水果蔬菜
花钱少时间中要点毅力收益中证据 A换回寿命
成本
每天几元到十几元。每天要花点时间洗和切。难在要天天买、天天吃够量。
说人话
每天多吃 200 g 蔬菜水果,同期死亡的概率低约一成。每天吃够 5 份的人,比只吃 2 份的人低约 13%。再往上吃,不会更低。
Aune D 等 (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology. <https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw319>;Wang DD 等 (2021). Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies. Circulation. <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996>
Lane MM 等 (2024). Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310>
Yu K 等 (2018). Association of Solid Fuel Use With Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Rural China. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.2151>;Chen J, Hoek G (2020). Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105974>
Islami F, Pourshams A, Nasrollahzadeh D, et al. (2009). Tea drinking habits and oesophageal cancer in a high risk area in northern Iran: population based case-control study. BMJ, 338, b929. <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b929>;Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, et al. (2016). Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages. Lancet Oncology, 17(7), 877-878. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30239-X>
Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Nielsen K, et al. (2016). Avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for major causes of death: a competing risk analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine, 280(4), 375-387. <https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12496>
Global BMI Mortality Collaboration (2016). Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1>;Flegal KM 等 (2013). Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.113905>(争议方)
Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, et al. (2019). Chili Pepper Consumption and Mortality in Italian Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(25), 3139-3149. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.068>
34.每天喝一两份奶或酸奶
花钱少时间少不用毅力收益大证据 B换回寿命
成本
每天几元,不占时间。
说人话
每天喝两份以上奶或者酸奶的人,同期死亡的概率比不喝的人低约 17%。
收益
PURE 跟踪研究覆盖 21 个国家、13.6 万人,平均跟踪 9.1 年,共 6796 人去世。每天吃两份以上奶制品的人,死亡风险比不吃的人低约 17%(风险比 0.83,95% CI 0.72–0.96,可信范围),趋势 P=0.0052
Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. (2018). Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet, 392(10161), 2288-2297. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31812-9>
Zhuang P, Wu F, Mao L, et al. (2021). Egg and cholesterol consumption and mortality from cardiovascular and different causes in the United States: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 18(2), e1003508. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003508>
Ukai T, Iso H, Yamagishi K, et al. (2020). Habitual tub bathing and risks of incident coronary heart disease and stroke. Heart, 106(10), 732-737. <https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315752>
Du P, Li J, Hua Z, 等 (2026). Multiple Health Outcomes of Daytime Napping: A Comprehensive Umbrella Review. Public Health Reviews. <https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2026.1609013>;Gao C, Cai R, Zheng X, 等 (2026). Objectively Measured Daytime Napping Patterns and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. JAMA Network Open. <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.7938>;Dashti HS 等 (2021). Genetic determinants of daytime napping and effects on cardiometabolic health. Nature Communications. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20585-3>
Li X, Zhang M, Li Z, 等 (2026). Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk. Nature Communications. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-72461-1>
Xi J, Ma W, Tao Y, 等 (2025). Association between night shift work and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1668848>;Esposito G, Bravi F, Santucci C, 等 (2025). Night shift work and breast cancer risk in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational Medicine. <https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaf040>;Shen QM, Li ZY, Tan YT, 等 (2026). Night shift work and risk of total and site-specific cancer: results from a prospective cohort study among Chinese men. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. <https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4290>;Czeisler CA, Johnson MP, Duffy JF, 等 (1990). Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(18), 1253-1259. <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199005033221801>
Lei J, Li Y, Wang Y, 等 (2024). The impact of small food workshops management regulations on aflatoxin B1 in home-made peanut oil and the liver function of high-consumption area residents: an interrupted time series study in Guangzhou, China. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. <https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1484414>;Zhong Y, Lu H, Jiang Y, 等 (2024). Effect of homemade peanut oil consumption during pregnancy on low birth weight and preterm birth outcomes: a cohort study in Southwestern China. Global Health Action, 17. <https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2336312>;IARC (2012). Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 100F. <https://publications.iarc.fr/123>;国家卫生计生委、国家食品药品监督管理总局 (2017). 食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量(GB 2761-2017)
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, 等 (2020). Reduction in saturated fat for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5), CD011737. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3>;Hooper L, Al-Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, 等 (2018). Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD011094. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011094.pub4>;Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, 等 (2020). Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD003177. <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5>;中国营养学会 (2022). 中国居民膳食指南(2022). 人民卫生出版社
Xue Y, Jiang Y, Jin S, Li Y (2016). Association between cooking oil fume exposure and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women: a meta-analysis. OncoTargets and Therapy, 9, 2987-2992. <https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S100949>;Chen TY, Fang YH, Chen HL, 等 (2020). Impact of cooking oil fume exposure and fume extractor use on lung cancer risk in non-smoking Han Chinese women. Scientific Reports, 10, 6774. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63656-7>;Kim C, Gao YT, Xiang YB, 等 (2015). Home kitchen ventilation, cooking fuels, and lung cancer risk in a prospective cohort of never smoking women in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer, 136(3), 632-638. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29020>